Bali is one of the provinces
in Indonesia. Bali island located between the island of Lombok and Java.
Province famous for its world-class tourist spot has a unique indigenous
culture, both in art and culture of Bali, bali traditional foods, through
tribal house bali. All of which has its own characteristics that attract so
many people are interested to get to know the island of Bali further.
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| Salah satu Kesenian Bali |
Bali is known of the temple
of literature is essentially used as a slogan Indonesia's national symbol,
namely: Unity in Diversity Tan Manggrua Hana Dharma, which means 'Although
different but still one nevertheless, not both (God - Truth) it'. It is understandable
if the Balinese people can coexist with other religions such as Islam,
Christianity, Buddhism, and others. This view is a rebuttal to the interim
assessments that Hinduism worships the Gods. Although the Hindu community in
Bali call God by different names, but the destination remains one, God Almighty
or Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa.
Majorities in Bali embraced
Hinduism and patches split between Islam, Christianity, Buddhism Etc. However,
inter-religious harmony maintained and create a peaceful atmosphere in the
society.
Supported by a variety of
religious philosophy as a starting point the doctrine of all-an almighty God,
the teachings of Hinduism outline Yadnya implementation in five sections called
Panca Yadnya, which is broken down into:
1. Dewa Yadnya
Offerings and worship of Ida
Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, Dewa Yadnya ceremony is generally held at various
temples, Sanggah, and Pamerajan (family shrine) in accordance with the levels.
Dewa Yadnya ceremony is commonly referred to as piodalan, aci, or pujawali.
2. Pitra Yadnya
A tribute to our ancestors,
parents and families who have died, who gave birth, nurture, and provide color
in an environment of family life. The Hindu community in Bali believes that the
spirit of ancestors, parents and families who have died, according to the karma
that was built during life, going towards unification with Ida Sang Hyang Widhi
Wasa. The family who still live duly carry out various processes and stages of
the ceremony so that the unification is progressing well.
3. Sage Yadnya
Offerings and homage to the
wise men, priests and intellectuals, who have established a variety of basic
teachings of Hinduism and manners in order to behave.
4. Human Yadnya
A process to preserve,
honor, and respect themselves and their immediate family (husband, wife,
children). In the course of a human being Bali, performed against various
processions since being in the womb, are born, grow up, marry, populate, until
death comes. Magedong-gedongan ceremony, otonan, menek kelih, pawiwahan, until
the cremation, is a manifestation of a Hindu ceremony in Bali in the levels
Manusa Yadnya.
5. Bhuta yadnya
The procession of offerings
and spiritual maintenance of the strengths and resources of the universe.
Hinduism that man and the universe was formed from elements of the same, that
is called Panca Maha Bhuta, consisting of Akasa (vacuum), Bayu (air), Teja
(heat), Apah (liquid), and Earth (substances solid). Because humans have the
ability to think (eyelash) then it is people who must maintain the universe
including other living creatures (animals and plants).
Panca Maha Bhuta, who has
the power of a very large, if not controlled and maintained it would be
catastrophic to the viability of the universe. Attention to the conservation of
nature is what makes Bhuta Yadnya ceremony is often performed by Hindus either
incidentally or periodically. Bhuta Yadnya have levels ranging from masegeh
ceremony in the form of a small ceremony performed every day until caru and
tawur grand ceremony performed regularly at the count wuku (one week), sasih
(one month), until the count hundreds of years
1. Traditional House Bali
In building a house, usually
based on the Balinese community Bhumi Asta and Asta Kosala Kosali or can be
interpreted as fengshui for chinese culture. Bali community have confidence
that a dynamism can be achieved if the establishment of harmony between the Tri
Hita Karana (Pawongan, weakening, and Parahyangan)
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| Rumah Adat Bali |
Bali tribal house must have
a spatial arrangement like that in the yard of the house is divided into 3
parts or so-called Tri Angga:
-Utama Mandala; The front
yard that is destined for sacred or parahyangan
-Madya Mandala; The middle
section is intended for home or pawongan penguni
-Nista Mandala; Rear to
palemahan
For homes in the village of
the plain is divided into nine sections by following the concept of Sanga
Mandala as the basic arrangement of the room, namely:
arrangement of the room,
namely:
1.Kaja Kangin / Main
Utamaning;
2.Kaja / Utamaning Madya;
3.Kelod-Kauh / Utamaning
Nista;
4.Kangin / Main Madyaning;
5.Tengah / Madyaning Madya;
6.Kauh / Madyaning Nista;
7.Kelod-Kangin / Main
Nistaning;
8.Kelod / Nistaning Madya;
9.Kelod-Kauh / Nistaning
Nista;
As we can see that the rate
of home architecture bali filled with embellishments such as engraving and
coloring that is quite unique. But do not think the carving or decoration has
no significance for the people of Bali. The carving or decoration is symbolic
expression of the beauty and the delivery of communication. The sculptures are
available in each custom home has meaning for confidence bali / bali public
trust and as a ritual symbols.
-Panyengker Coral / boundary
wall of the house;
-Entrance;
-The Worship / Pamerajan,
countered;
-Bale Daja / meten / gedong
north of the house;
-Bale Dangin the east of the
house;
The kitchen is located in
the south;
-Bale Dauh located on the
west;
-Tugu Pangijeng Reef;
-Well
-Lumbung Storage of rice
As we have discussed above
that tribal house bali in highland villages have 9 parts grounds. For people in
the mountains is quite simple it only has 3 parts:
-Sanggah;
-Bale Meten;
-Bale Delod;
2. Traditional Clothes
Bali clothing commonly
divided into three functions, namely clothing for religious events, wedding
attire, and traditional clothes are used for day-to-day. Of course we also know
that the Balinese traditional clothes of men and women definitely have
differences. For example, to determine whether a woman is married or a girl,
can we distinguish from the type of bun that uses time to the temple. Women are
still a girl or unmarried using gonjer Dreamer bun, while married using Tagel
Dreamer bun.
There is also the most
luxurious Balinese clothes, namely the great clothing worn in certain events
such as a wedding or event cut teeth. This luxury clothing there are some
variations that suit the moment.
Wastra guardian or white
wastra a special fabric used in a ceremony as a symbol of purity. In addition
to using wastra guardian, a man bali also use dodot or seam kelagan charged to
cover the chest. As for women, before using wastra fabric beforehand using
Sinjang or fabric layer that serves to set the pace in order to look graceful
when walking.
3. Regional Dance
Art in Balinese society is a
complex one element that seemed favored by residents of the community, making
it look as though dominated the whole of Balinese life. On the basis of such
functions is the focus of the art of Balinese culture. Bali area is very rich
in the arts, all branches of the arts grow and thrive in community life that
includes visual arts, performing arts and literary arts.
Fine art includes one branch
consisting of sculpture, painting and decorative art. Sculpture in Balinese
society has experienced a long development that statues are patterned
megalithic derived from pre Hindu viewed as a liaison man with the ancestors
and the forces of nature, statues of gods were regarded as a media man with the
gods and this type is the influence of Hindu-Buddhist sculptures themed
characters from Mahabharata and Ramayana, forms reliefs carved on the wall of
the door and the pillar of the house, as well as sculptures in the form of a
naturalist. Similarly, the painting in Bali who have experienced a very long
trip, starting with paintings that are symbolic magical as rerajahan, these
religious paintings like painting parba, ceilings and Ider-Ider, as well as
paintings naturalist ,
For a traditional dance in
Bali by function are classified into three types, namely Tari Wali (sacred
dance) which is a religious dances are considered sacred, Bebali Dance is a
dance that serves as accompaniment ceremonies, and Balih-balihan Dance is a
dance that serves as entertainment. Kind of sacred dance or considered sacred
among others: Dance Trance Dedari, Tari Rejang Sutri, Pendet, Line Dance Gede,
Tumbak, Baris Jangkang, Line Trench, Poem, Seraman, tekok Jago, Mask Displays,
Puppet Weak, Puppet Sudamala, Dancing Abuang, Bruntuk Dance, Dance Dakamalon,
Ngayab Dance, and Dance Kincang-Kincung. While the dance is included into the
dance-balihan balih including Legong, Barong, Kecak, and Pendet. Clothing or
gander tool used by the public shall be purified or sacred.
In the art of traditional
music, in Bali has also similarities with traditional music in many other
areas, for example in the use of gamelan and various other percussion
instruments. But there is a very significant difference that is in play and his
composition techniques. In the culture of Bali, gamelan has a very important
role in the cultural and religious social activities.
Literary arts in Bali is the
result of cultural heritage is noble and is a reference and source of other
forms. Since time immemorial people have known Bali or Balinese script writing.
Overall the literary arts in Bali has experienced five days of that literature
Purwa Bali, Bali Hindu literature, literature Bali Java, Bali New literature,
and literature Modern Bali. Examples of the literary arts of Bali is the story
of Ramayana or Mahabharata.
The function and position in
the art of Balinese life
Balinese life is based on
the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana means 3 causes of welfare need to be balanced
and harmonized, ie the relationship with God (Parahyangan), the relationship
between humans (Pawongan), and the human relationship with the environment
(Palemahan). In the art of traditional music or Balinese gamelan, when linked
to the concept of Tri Hita Karana Balinese gamelan can be seen from the angle
of the following functions:
-Gamelan In the Context of
Religious Ritual Ceremony (Parahyangan)
Balinese Gamelan in the
context of Parahyangan serves to accompany Hindu rituals. Gamelan is now very
popular in Balinese life Kebyar namely Gamelan Gong, whose function other than
as a means of entertainment, which is relatively new gamelan can also be used
in a ceremonial procession of Lord Yadnya. For example when the temple ceremony
in the temple, Gong Kebyar can be used to accompany dances such guardian mask
dance, dance Baris Gede, dance Rejang Dewa and others. If related to the
context of Parahyangan, Gamelan Gong Kebyar indeed many of its functions.
-Gamelan In Social Context
(Pawongan)
Pawongan relationship, one
that is grower sense of togetherness. For example, in playing the gamelan, a
drummer demanded skill and were able to hold more interaction between the
musicians in order to achieve a perfect appearance. With a sense of togetherness
that is the sense of unity among the musicians will grow. In addition, among
the musicians or artists can exchange opinions, complement, broaden and add new
friends as well.
-Gamelan In the Context of
Environment (Palemahan)
When viewed from the context
palemahan, Balinese gamelan music can be used as a ceremonial procession on
existing relationships in the universe and the surrounding environment. For
example Gamelan Gong Kebyar and Baleganjur mecaru used during the ceremony.
-Gamelan In Tourism and
Economy
Gamelan Bali can be used for
the presentation of an art show that will be staged to foreign tourists or
domestic come to Bali. There are also tourists who come to Bali to see the show
deliberately staging Balinese gamelan and had come to learn to play gamelan
Bali.
It brings a tremendous
impact on the economy of the country, especially for the Balinese themselves,
namely per capita income countries previously low to high due to the
development of tourism.
At this time, the orchestra
has been working the land for the Balinese artists when there are foreign or
domestic travelers who want to study Balinese gamelan, and by it caused many
emerging professional artists who provide manufacturing of percussion.
No wonder that the majority
of Balinese life is colored with a wide variety of religious ceremonies, and in
any religious ceremonies that there must be a dish-dish ceremony accompanied by
the gamelan and dance group to perform in the religious ceremonies. However, as
time passes the original function of art bali now most sacred tool has become a
secular art that led to the offering of entertainment and works with high
artistic value. For the Balinese, arts and crafts have become part of everyday
life.
Bali Arts development
It is hard to distinguish
between art and everyday life in the community of Bali, because art and
religion are like duumvirate, that's what makes art in Bali is still able to
survive until now and inherited from generation to generation.
The development of Balinese
art is divided into phases covering historical pre-Hindu era, the reign of
kings of Bali, the time of arrival of the Majapahit, the reign of the
Netherlands, and the time of independence until the present.
Pre-Hindu I.Zaman
In this era of dance that is
known is that found in the primitive dance ceremonies animism and dynamism that
function to refuse reinforcements, rained down or to cure diseases. In the
Balinese themselves, remnants of the culture as it is still developing, for
example on the dance Sang Hyang Dedari which is the original art of very old
age, the dance is performed in upacar religious and religious media is very
important in the life of the Balinese people.
The development of sound art
of ancient Bali occurred before the 6th century, which is patterned folk
literature and oral tradition dieplajari hereditary. There are many changes
along the way, but the literature is still growing rapidly until a few
folklore. In the days that allegedly as early forerunner to the development of
folk songs called gegendingan which one example is Gending Sang Hyang who is
singing sacred Balinese language.
Government II.Zaman Kings
Bali
Bali Arts influenced by
Javanese Hindu culture since centuries to 8. It is not yet known for certain,
but after the discovery of inscriptions Bebetin made by employees of the Royal
Singhamandawa at month 10 were from the year 896 AD mentions several types of
performing arts such as pamukul, pagending, pabunjing, papadaha, pabangsi and
so forth.
Literature Bali mostly
emphasize the influence of Hindu culture, and put very little influence on the
elements of Chinese culture in the arts of Bali. The relationship looks of
Barong in Bali are derived from Chinese lion barong that appear on the T'ang
Dynasty in the 7th century to the 10th century Chinese influence is also seen
in relics goods porcelain, sculptures, and sacred buildings decorated porcelain
which began to emerge in Bali.
III.Zaman Arrival People
Majapahit
In the 16th century until
the 19th, reached the peak of its golden Balinese arts, and at that moment
appeared and created dances Gambuh, Mask, Wayang Wong, Parwa, Arja, Legong, and
other classical arts. At this time, develops a Itihasa the literary arts
literary arts which consists of an assortment of songs. Examples of literature
kakawin Mahabharata and Ramayana, Panji canticles, peparikan Adiparwa,
Bharatayuda, Narasoma, and Bomantaka created based on the epic Mahabharata.
Art that emerged at that
time the religious art and fine art to the castle. Development of painting also
appears Kamasan style, shaped ornament painting puppet whose themes are taken
from the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The puppet paintings also instrumental in
building temples and castles to decorate the ceiling, a wall picture, or as a
painting on the tools of ritual. Whereas in the development of craft art craft
forms grow gold-silver engraved beautifully made ceremonial form of tools, such
offerings as holy places, jugs, bowls, and sangku. Then craft also get to
outside influences increasingly intense with the entry patra China, Egypt, and
Olanda inserted in various buildings temples and castles.
Bali contact with the
Western world led to the growth of modern creations in the arts of Bali.
Creations are an expression of modern society and in the art of dance
characterized by Kebyar in Singaraja in 1914 which formed the packaging where
the dance classical dance origin, composition refurbished, time is shortened,
and more use of improvisation and interpretation of the dancers themselves. And
in the 18th century, emerging professional groups in Balinese art exhibit for
entertainment and staging dance for the sake of tourism in entertaining
tourists visiting Bali.
IV.Zaman Dutch Government
In line with the growth Gong
Kebyar in the performing arts, in the 1930s art changes form and content after
the arrival of the two painters foreign nationals namely Walter Spies and
Rudolf Bonnet who settled in Ubud, they started painting with the theme
cockfight, ceremony piodalan in temples, cremation, and so forth. Before the
arrival of the two of them, the painters in Ubud painting puppet Kamasan style.
Motion of painting in Ubud carry an enormous influence on the development of
sculpture with the advent of the artists who create new forms of art sculptures
of people dancing, playing the flute, the archery, and so forth.
In the Dutch colonial
period, the world Balinese architecture heavily influenced by Dutch
architecture. Dutch arsitektru relics preserved bail until today is the Palace
of Karangasem.
In 1930 also the Balinese
began making art of imitation, namely ritual objects such as Barong, Rangda,
and images are created en masse and sold to tourists.
In 1940, Bali received a
western art form known as Stambul, which is an imitation of western drama that
allegedly came from the city of Istanbul which mausk to Indonesia via the
Malays. The opera then adapted into Balinese arts and dance combined into
Janger.
V.Zaman Independence Until
the Present
From 1966 until today, the
development of Balinese art, began to surface, and a revival of Balinese art
can not be separated from the Indonesian government's efforts are fully
underway. There are three main concepts that need to be considered in an effort
to preserve the arts, namely the preservation of ideas (ideas vital),
preservation of material (traits), and the preservation of harmony between the
two.
4. Traditional Weapons
Keris Bali, spear or
javelin, Wedhung is a handheld gun-shaped knife
5. Parts
Bali (Balinese: Children
Bali, Wong Bali or Bali Krama)
6. Regional Languages
Bali Aga, Bali Majapahit
7. Local Songs
Majangeran, Ratu Anom
VI. Conclusion
Since most of the Balinese
Hindu majority, then the function of art in Balinese society can not be
separated from the main religious ceremonies, as each held a ritual religious
ceremonies accompanied by gamelan music and dance group. But over time, the
function of art that had been widened area of art only as a religious ritual,
could be entertainment or spectacle for the tourist or traveler, it could be a
shortage of work, and so on.
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